thomas watson giovanni father

Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Through his contacts in that position, he is able to help Giovannis mother obtain a position with the Hamilton County Welfare Department, which carries better wages than the $100 a month she has been earning as a teacher at St. Simons School. She accomplished her goal, becoming a leader in political and literary activities on campus during what would prove to be an important era in black history. Releases the albums The Way I Feel (1975), Legacies (1976), and The Reason I Like Chocolate (1976). Between 1983 and 1996, Giovanni went on hiatus from publishing any new poetry. 51-52; October 21, 1996, p. 83; June 28, 1999, p. 46; July 12, 1999, p. 96; December 19, 1999, p. 51; March 11, 2002, p. 14; August 29, 2005, review of Rosa, p. 56. In the words of a critic writing in Kirkus Reviews, it is a work in which "the contradictions are brought together by sheer force of personality." Achievement Award trom Mademoiselle magazine. "Poem (No Name No. They toured in a circus and retired about 1900; details of their later lives are uncertain. https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/giovanni-nikki-1943-0, Wainwright, Mary; Zerbonia, Ralph "Giovanni, Nikki 1943 The Way I Feel, with music composed by Arif Mardin. Receives Certificate of Commendation from the United States Senate (2000). [fac_button icon="facebook" link="https://www.facebook.com/LawNetwork123/" target="_blank" color="#eeeeee" color_hover="#ffffff" background="#000000" background_hover="#5a7ddd" border_width="0px" border_color="#ffffff" border_radius="5px"] But there are no details if he has any other children or if it is just his one daughter. Hip Hop Speaks to Children receives an NAACP Image Award and reaches #15 on The New York Times bestseller list. . . In "Poem for Black Boys," for example, Giovanni wonders why young boys of color do not play runaway slave or Mau-Mau, identifying with the brave heroes of their own race rather than the white cowboys of the Wild West. Philadelphia (Live) (Collectables Records 1997), Stealing She underwent surgery and lost a lung but is living, healthy as a cancer survivor. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. with James Baldwin; these segments air on 15 and 22 December. Sheila Weller of Mademoiselle magazine believed Giovanni to be one of the most powerful figures on the new black poetry sceneboth in language and appeal. Also during 1969, Giovanni gave birth to her son, Thomas Watson Giovanni. Henderson, Stephen, Understanding the New Black Poetry: Black Speech and Black Music as Poetic References, Morrow, 1973. "My House is not just poems," commented Kalumu Ya Salaam in Black World. "What I've always wanted to do is something different, and I think each book has made a change. Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, November 20, 2002. Talk'. Publishers Weekly, November 13, 1972; May 23, 1980; December 18, 1987, p. 48; December 13, 1993, p. 54; June 28, 1999, p. 46. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). tradgedy stuck when her father had a stroke. 63-64. Giovanni brought out her next major volume of poetry in 1983 entitled Those Who Ride the Night Wind, dedicated to the courage and fortitude of those who ride the night winds [for whom] Life is a marvelous, transitory adventureand are determined to push us into the next century, galaxypossibility. This volume has received mixed reviews. ; is able to bring son, Thomas, and his nanny, Deborah Russell, a former student of her at Rutgers. When Thomas was born, his mother was not married, and people accused her of setting a bad example for being a single mom. Hip Hop Speaks to Children receives the National Parenting Publications Gold Award. http://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/giovanniNikki.php. Lectures extensively at colleges and universities across the country. "My grandfather was a Latin scholar and he loved the myths, and my mother is a big romanticist, so we heard a lot of stories growing up." She also produced another volume of poetry, Blues: For All the Changes: New Poems, in 1999, which contains poems on the subjects of nature, the little things that people look over or through everyday, as well as her personal battle with cancer. Nikki Giovanni: From Revolution to Revolution, State Library of Ohio, 1979. Giovanni lives with her parents in Cincinnati, and takes care of her nephew, Christopher. African-American Literature Book Club, http://authors.aalbc.com/ (March 9, 2004), author profile. Rather than trying to imitate black culture, white rappers, Giovanni noted, could get at the heart of racialism in America. Black Judgement alone sold six thousand copies in three months, almost six times the sales level expected of a book of its type. Named Gloria D. Smith Professor of Black Studies at Virginia Tech (1997-99). Poet, publisher, educator Evans, Mari, editor, Black Women Writers, 19501980: A Critical Evaluation, Doubleday (New York, NY), 1984. Her sister Gary leaves home to attend Central State University. I think that's good. A year later, she studied for a semester at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work before moving to New York. She by the Department of State. Twentieth-Century Children's Writers, 4th edition, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 1995, p. 388. During the two years between the publication of 1970s Re:Creation and 1972s My House, Giovanni began to travel overseas, including her first trip to Africa. Her mother moved with their son back to Cincinnati. Evans, Mari, editor, Black Women Writers, 1950-1980: A Critical Evaluation, Doubleday/Anchor Books, 1984. Born Yolande Cornelia Giovanni, 7 June 1934, Knoxville, Tennessee. As Giovanni moved through her middle years, her works continued to reflect her changing concerns and perspectives. Thomas Watson Jr. was born in 1914, the same year his father was appointed manager of Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co. (CTR). Is subject of a PBS documentary, Spirit to Spirit (1987). ", "Most writers spend too much time alone; it is a lonely profession," Giovanni once explained. Later that year, Giovanni graduated magna cum laude with a degree in history. She just wanted to do something that no one else was doing. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Gale (Detroit, MI), Volume 5: American Poets since World War II, 1980, Volume 41: Afro-American Poets since 1955, 1985, pp. Among her published volumes for young readers are Spin a Soft Black Song, Ego-Tripping and Other Poems for Young People, and Vacation Time. Honorary degrees from numerous institutions. And in the foreword to My House, Ida Lewis observed that Giovanni "has reached a simple philosophy more or less to the effect that a good family spirit is what produces healthy communities, which is what produces a strong (Black) nation. . School Library Journal, April, 1994, p. 119; October, 1994, p. 152; May, 1996, p. 103; January 1997, p. 100; July 1999, p. 107; November 17, 2003, review of The Collected Poems of Nikki Giovanni, p. 59; September, 2005, Margaret Bush, review of Rosa, p. 192. Explore the latest videos from hashtags: #thomaswatson, #emmawatsonn . Continues to write essays for Encore American & World-Wide News. Visiting Professor at the University of Oregon (1992). The same year the New York Times named Giovanni the Princess of Black Poetry. In 1970, she was Woman of the Year in Ebony magazine. Giovanni publishes Sacred Cows . Christian, Barbara, Black Feminist Criticism, Pergamon, 1985. In Birth of Yolande Cornelia Watson, Giovanni's mother, in Albany, Georgia. Image Contributor. She concluded, "human beings fascinate me. McDowell, Margaret B., Groundwork for a More Comprehensive Criticism of Nikki Giovanni, Belief vs. The poet credits a Fisk roommate named Bertha with successfully persuading her to embrace revolutionary ideals. BlackEngineer, http://www.blackengineer.com/ (January 14, 2003), discussion with Giovanni. Travels to Cincinnati, Ohio, for second opinion and has surgery at Jewish Hospital. Inge, Tonette Bond, editor, Southern Women Writers: The New Generation, University of Alabama Press (Tuscaloosa, AL), 1990. Giovanni later told Peter Bailey of Ebony magazine that she had a baby because I wanted to have a baby and that she didnt marry the father because I didnt want to get married, and I could afford not to get married. According to Martha Cook, Giovanni has remained unmarried and has consistently viewed her single motherhood as a positive choice., During 1969, Giovanni began teaching at Queens College and Rutgers University. 14-21;July 1974, pp. In 1969, Giovanni took a teaching position at Rutgers University. Two new volumes, Blues: For All the Changes and Quilting the Black-Eyed Pea: Poems and Not Quite Poems mark the crossover from the twentieth to the twenty-first century with poetry that is "socially conscious, outspoken, and roguishly funny,"according to Donna Seaman in Booklist. Commenting on Ego-Tripping, a Kirkus Reviews contributor claimed: "When [Giovanni] grabs hold it's a rare kid, certainly a rare black kid, who could resist being picked right up. 1987 and 1989 Giovanni became Commonwealth Visiting Professor of English, When Walker says to Giovanni, 'I don't believe individual defiant acts like these will make for the revolution you want,' Giovanni replies, 'No, don't ever misunderstand me and my use of the term "revolution." Mitchell, too, claimed: "One may be dazzled by the smooth way [Giovanni] drops all political and personal concerns [in Vacation Time] and completely enters the world of the child and brings to it all the fanciful beauty, wonder, and lollipopping. Fowler, Virginia, Nikki Giovanni, Twayne (Boston, MA), 1992. 1988, Giovanni had published 'Sacred Cows . Watch popular content from the following creators: ISO Wrld (@trxulyisoofficial), ENRIQUE POLANCO(@enriquepolanco40), Thomas Watson(@gollarplaysvr), Thomas Watson(@gollarplaysvr) . During this period Giovanni produced a collection of autobiographical essays, two books of poetry for children, and two poetry collections for adults. Robinson, AnnaT. I have certain skills that I am able to impart and that I want to, and it keeps me involved in my community and in a community of writers who are not professional but who are interested. Falls ill from exhaustion after returning to the United States. As Chauncey Mabe put it in a November, 2002, Knight Ridder article, "The Black Arts Movement [was] a loosely organized aesthetic and political movement that rejected European concepts of art for its own sake, insisting instead that art must benefit and uplift blacks." Hip Hop Speaks to Children is selected as the Book of the Month by Read On Wisconsin! Thomas Watson Giovanni is a lawyer serving New York . I like us for using the weapons we had. In contrast to the lightness suggested by the title, the poems in Cotton Candy are, as Martha Cook has observed, not lighthearted or optimistic, as the positive connotations of cotton candy suggest. The same year that Cotton Candy was published, Giovannis father had a stroke and Giovanni decided to move with her son back to her parents home in Lincoln Heights, Ohio. This period was darkened, however, when Giovanni's beloved grandmother died. Giovanni publishes Selected Poems of Nikki Giovanni (1996), The Genie in the Jar, illustrated by Chris Raschka, The Sun Is So Quiet, illustrated by Ashley Bryan, Shimmy Shimmy Shimmy Like My Sister Kate: Looking at the Harlem Renaissance Through Poems (all 1996), and Love Poems (1997). Dictionary of Literary Biographycontributor Alex Batman heard in Giovanni's verse the echoes of blues music. of Conversation, attended Detroit Conference of Unity and Art, entered University Were a lot older now. featured on BET. 64-70.. Cincinnati Enquirer Magazine, July 8, 1973; April 20,1986, pp. Wainwright, Mary "Giovanni, Nikki 1943 In 1969 she gave birth to Thomas Watson Giovanni, her only child. 'Spirit To Spirit' received the Silver Apple Award from Oakland Museum Film Like a Ripple on a Pond, with the New York Community Choir, Benny Diggs, director, NikTom, distributed by Atlantic Recording Corporation, 1973. She is a voice for all types of Americans -- she has been labeled an Appalachian writer and a Southern writer; she is a female poet and an African-American poet, a mother, a teacher, and a cancer survivor. As she broadened her perspective, Giovanni began to review her own life. But Francis wanted a military career, . Authors in the News, volume 1, Gale, 1976. . ." received one of eight Women of the Year awards from the Ladies' Home Journal in History, with honors, on 28 January. Cotton Candy on a Rainy Day, Folkways Records, 1978. Giovanni had experienced racism firsthand during her childhood in the South. Lee, Don L., Dynamic Voices I: Black Poets of the 1960s, Broadside Press, 1971. ." Giovanni travels to Fisk to explore the possibility of re-enrolling. She She In Thomas J. Watson Sr. After a modest rural childhood near Ithaca, New York, Thomas J. Watson got his start in business in sales. 30-34. Her informal style makes her work accessible to both adults and children. following year she published 'Cotton Candy on a Rainy Day', and released Bo Giovanni publishes The Girls in the Circle (2004). Noted for his candid, impassioned work, Essex Hemphill, an African American poet, e, Nikitnko, Aleksndr Vaslievich 1804-1877, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/giovanni-nikki-1943, https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/giovanni-nikki-1943-0, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/giovanni-nikki-1943. four decades. Her priorities had shifted to encompass providing her child with the security of a stable home life. 1983-1995- She accepts permanent postion at as a English Professor at Virginia Tech. In the wake of the civil rights movement and demonstrations against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam conflict, demands for social and political change were sweeping college campuses around the country. Her grandmother, who is involved in numerous charitable and political endeavors, becomes an increasingly important influence on her, teaching her the importance of helping others and of fighting injustice. With the money he makes from selling his stock in this venture, her father is able to make the down payment on the Jackson Street house. Civitas Books, 2004); A Cry to Freedom! Without Writers Digest, February 1989, pp. In 1924, Watson Sr. became CEO and renamed the company International . Top 10 Reasons Why You Should Use Flutter? Nikki Giovanni, Thomas Watson Giovanni, Tommy Giovanni, Yolande Cornelia Giovanni Poet Nikki Giovanni relaxes with her 2-year-old son Thomas in their New York apartment. She is an avid supporter of hip-hop, "calling it," as she said to Mabe, "the modern equivalent of what spirituals meant to earlier generations of blacks. The community absolutely loved her books and her appearances. Dec 2021 - Present1 year 4 months. Kenya Thomas. "One feels throughout that here is a child of the 1960s mourning the passing of a decade of conflict, of violence, but most of all, of hope.". Black Judgement, Broadside Press (Detroit, MI), 1968. No cheek-pinching auntie, she explores the contours of childhood with honest affection, sidestepping both nostalgia and condescension. 1914, d. 1982 cancer) Mother: Yolande Cornelia (b. Serves on the Board of Trustees of Cabrini College (2001-03). Giovanni did so with the first of many sound recordings. "Noting the continued focus on self-discovery and the connectedness of self to community throughout My House, critic John W. Conner suggested in English Journal that Giovanni "sees her world as an extension of herself sees problems in the world as an extension of her problems, and sees herself existing amidst tensions, heartache, and marvelous expressions of love." Father teaches at South Woodlawn School and works evenings and weekends at the YMCA. She was decidedly conservative in political outlook: during high school she had been a supporter of Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater, as well as an avid reader of books by Ayn Rand, famous for her philosophy of "objectivism" (based on self-assertion, individualism, and competition). 1939 Yolande Watson marries Jones Giovanni in Knoxville, Tennessee, on July 3. Nikki Giovanni has been on the faculty of Virginia Tech University since 1989. The Selected Poems of Nikki Giovanni, 19681995, Morrow (New York, NY), 1996. Shortly she moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to attend her first college,Fisk University. Wainwright, Mary "Giovanni, Nikki 1943 When Giovanni graduated with honors in history from Fisk in the spring of 1967, she returned to Cincinnati and continued to develop her interests in writing and political activity that had been fostered at Fisk. A second spoken word recording Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection was nominated for a Grammy in 2003. Giovanni receives Alumnae Membership in Fisk University's Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. (February 22, 2023). Massachusetts Review, 18 (1977), pp. Has given numerous poetry readings and lectures worldwide and appeared on numerous television talk shows. Receives an Honorary Doctorate from Wilberforce University, becoming the youngest person so honored by the nations oldest black college. Thomas Watson Giovanni, on 31st August 1969. . as one of the best books of 1973. Concise Major 21st Century Writers. These volumes of poetry deal with both personal and political topics, and with them, as Fowler noted, Giovanni enters the dialogue of the 1960s about black identity. Fowler also identified the poems rage against white America that was largely responsible for earning her the label of revolutionary poet., The strong voice of a black female poet was emerging. Nikki was born on june 7th,1943. Currently, Thomas Watson Giovanni works at New York City Law Department, and you can reach them at (718) 755-6568. Giovanni believes one of her most important qualities is to have experienced life and to have been able to translate those experiences into her work"apply the lessons learned," as she termed it in CA. Clock is ticking and inspiration doesn't come? Family moves to a house on Burns Avenue in nearby Wyoming, another suburb of Cincinnati. 1940) Son: Thomas Watson Giovanni (b. Encyclopedia.com. an honorary doctorate of humane letters from Indiana University, Gary Campus. Continues regular appearances on Soul!, including an appearance in January with Lena Horne. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Giovanni teaches at Queens College. As Giddings wrote, Giovannis greatest challenge, as a poet, lies ahead, and Harris, also writing in Mari Evanss anthology, praised Giovanni as one of the most talented writers to come out of the black sixties, adding that he didnt want to lose her. As Harris concluded, she has the talent to create good, perhaps important, poetry, if only she has the will to discipline her craft.. Black World, December 1970, pp. At In a New York Times Book Review article on Spin a Soft Black Song, Nancy Klein noted, "Nikki Giovanni's poems for children, like her adult works, exhibit a combination of casual energy and sudden wit. Random violence that erupted in and near Knoxville "was frightening," she later recalled in an autobiographical essay for CA. Used by permission of author. "Though my father wasn't an atheist, I am," he said on Freethought Radio (June 20, 2009). Richmond, Virginia, United States. Giovanni currently teaches at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Critical reaction to Giovanni's early work focused on her more revolutionary poetry. Quilting the Black-Eyed Pea: Poems and Not Quite Poems, Morrow (New York, NY), 2002. [fac_icon icon="cc-visa" color="#ffffff" color_hover="#5a7ddd"] Quilting includes, as the title already tells, "anecdotes, musings, and praise songs," according to Tara Betts of Black Issues Book Review. Reads at the Paul Laurence Dunbar Centennial in Dayton, Ohio, where she and Paula Giddings, then an editor at Howard University Press, conceive the idea of a book composed of a conversation between Giovanni and Margaret Walker (1915-98). at Fisk University and a year later received bachelor of arts at Fisk University. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. "We're missing Tupac like my generation missed Malcolm X," she said. At the very end of the year, uses money made from sales of Black Feeling Black Talk and a grant from the Harlem Arts Council to privately publish her second volume of poetry, Black Judgement; Broadside Press offers to distribute it. Thomas Wynter or Winter (c. 1510 - c. 1546) was the Archdeacon of York, Richmond, Cornwall, Provost of Beverley, Dean of Wells Cathedral and the illegitimate son of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.. How Child Care Subsidy and the ACCS program Can Benefit Your Family? My House contained the revelations of a woman coming to terms with her life. Gemini: An Extended Autobiographical Statement on My First Twenty-Five Years of Being a Black Poet, Bobbs-Merrill, 1971; Viking, 1973; Penguin, 1976. When she reentered Fisk in 1964, she engaged in literary and radical activities, including reestablishing the universitys chapter of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), editing the student literary magazine, and participating in John O. Killens creative writing workshop. Nikki Giovanni was born on June 7, 1943, in Knoxville, Tennessee, to Jones and Yolande Watson Giovanni. Ohio, in August 1943. "Giovanni makes supple use of the irony inherent in the blues, writing tough, sly, and penetrating monologues that both hammer away at racism and praise the good things in life." They moved forward, blinking, climbing over the ridges and drifts that covered Darkness lies just underneath the lamp- Humayun Ahmed, (Badshah Namder). . When Giovanni graduated with honors in history from Fisk in the spring of 1967, she returned to Cincinnati and continued her interests in writing and political activity that had been fostered at Fisk. At that time, the organization was pressing the concept of "black power" to bring about social and economic reform. Queens College (CUNY) and Rutgers University, teacher, 1969; NikTom, Ltd. (communications company), founder and publisher, 1970; Ohio State University, visiting professor of English, 1984; Mount Joseph on the Ohio, professor of creative writing, 1985-87; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, visiting professor of English, 1987-89, professor of English, 1989; Warm Hearth Writers Workshop, director, 1988. named Outstanding Woman of Tennessee. Stealing Home: For Jack Robinson (album), Sony, 1997. 1974, she published 'A Poetic Equation: Conversations Between Nikki Giovanni They visit Ghana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya, and Nigeria. Safety Tips for Riding a Motorcycle In the Rain, Making the Switch to Solar: A Guide to Solar Energy Companies and Installers in the St. Petersburg Area, Maximize the Life and Efficiency of Your Attic Insulation with These Tips, Finding the Best Hat is More Than Just Style but Also about Fit, Laser Hair Removal: Remove Roughness of Skin in 6 Ways, 10 Tips for Business Women to Dress to Impress, Significance of Investing in Elegant Designs of Custom Perfume Boxes, Top 5 Ways to Style Your Custom Lip Balm Boxes, Porsche: The Ultimate Luxury Driving Experience, An Inside Look at Seay Motors: Quality Cars and Exceptional Service. Just to compound the problem, when she visits Dean Cheatam the Monday after Thanksgiving, she articulates her contempt for the rules Dean Cheatam has in place. NikTom Records, distributed by Atlantic Recording Corporation, 1975. Also during 1969, Giovanni gave birth to her son Thomas WatsonGiovanni. Contributor of columns to newspapers. In Bauers praised the production: "The poems are worth the price all by themselves. They persuade her to apply for early admission to college. Began Writing at an Early Age She continues to look back on her contributions to American poetry with pride. Continues to do a spring lecture tour. Giovanni publishes A Poetic Equation: Conversations Between Nikki Giovanni and Margaret Walker (1974) and The Women and the Men (1975). In Sacred Cows and Other Edibles she presents essays on a wide range of topics: African-American political leaders, national holidays, and termites all come under her insightful and humorous scrutiny. Deadline from 3 hours. 542-54. Her second volume was released the following year. Francis Wolferstan Thomas (January 9, 1834 - May 18, 1900) was a Canadian banker and a philanthropist in Montreal. "We Are Virginia Tech" provides the language the university community uses in the weeks and months following the massacre of 32 students and faculty. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Giovanni publishes Acolytes and On My Journey Now. Performs at Alice Tully Hall in Lincoln Center with the New York Community Choir and La Belle. Bio Photos Map Although she received a grant from the National Foundation of the Arts to attend Columbia Universitys School of Fine Arts, she found she couldnt work with what Virginia Fowler labelled the conservative white literary critics who tried to tell her she could not write. At this point in 1968 Giovanni had her first collection of poetry privately published. Receives Honorary Doctorate from Indiana University. Gemini: An Extended Autobiographical Statement on My First Twenty-five Years of Being a Black Poet, Bobbs-Merrill (Indianapolis, IN), 1971. The current status is Currently registered. Giovanni's mother, Yolande Cornelia Watson Giovanni, dies after a brief illness on 24 June. Attends Millennium Evening at the White House. Shortly she moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to attend her first college,Fisk University. Among her many honorary degrees, in 1988, she received an honorary doctorate of humanities from Fisk University. I didn't want it to be considered the definitive. Son Thomas graduates from high school and enlists in the Army. 64-70. Her viewpoint, still firmly seated in black revolutionary consciousness, expanded further, balancing a wide range of social concerns. The American Library Association names My House one of the best books of 1973. Ms. Giovanni has also embraced many of the artists of the hip-hop community. Ten years after its original publication, FATHER, SON & CO. remains a uniquely honest book. When we are young we do not think about getting old, rather older. She moved with her mother and sister to a small black suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio, although she traveled back to Knoxville during the summers to live with her grandparents. Addresses: Agent c/o William Morrow, Inc., 105 Madison Avenue, NY, NY 10016. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/giovanni-nikki-1943-0. (With Margaret Walker) A Poetic Equation: Conversations Between Nikki Giovanni and Margaret Walker, Howard University Press, 1974.

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