valence electrons of indium

The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Indium atoms have 49 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 18, 3] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 2P1/2. Therefore, the valence electrons of indium are three. It should be noted that all of these decay pathways may be accompanied bythe subsequent emission ofgamma radiation. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It got its trivial name from triels from Greek tri (three, III). In condensed electronic configuration, we write the neighbouring noble gas symbol within square brackets followed by the orbitals having valence electrons. A more sophisticated model is needed. How many electrons and protons does indium have? When we write the configuration, we'll put all 49 electrons in orbitals around the nucleus of the Indium atom.In this video we'll use the Periodic Table to help us write the notation for Indium . The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point. for different values of shell (n) and subshell (l), penetrating power of an electron follows this trend: \[\ce{1s > 2s > 2p > 3s > 3p > 4s > 3d > 4p > 5s > 4d > 5p > 6s > 4f } \label{better2} \]. It is thePauli exclusion principlethat requires the electrons in an atom to occupy different energy levels instead of them all condensing in the ground state. Indium occurs in 2 natural isotopes: 113In and 115In. Its actual charge is +1.602 1019coulombs. WebShell structure: 2,8,18,18,3. Experimental2.1. Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Indium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p1. The electronegativity of Indium is: = 1.78. The atom is overall charge neutral. Possible oxidation states are +3. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a specific orbit. Very soft and malleable, indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and tin. three valence electrons. (b) In: indium has three valence electrons and all the rest are core electrons. The core electrons include all the electrons in the energy levels below n = 5. where \(S_i\) is the shielding of the ith electron. The protonsexist in the nuclei of typical atoms, along with their neutral counterparts, the neutrons. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Experiments focus, The photoluminescence (PL) study in porous silicon (PS) with decreasing Si crystallites size among the pores was reported. These electrons are the ones most likely to be lost or gained to produce ions. Because of this, the first two rows of the periodic table are labeled thes block. Oxygen is in group 6 and has 6 valence electrons. 7.2: Effective Nuclear Charge is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Indium-115 is composed of 49 protons, 66 neutrons, and 49 electrons. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. For a given value of n, the ns orbital is always lower in energy than the np orbitals, which are lower in energy than the nd orbitals, and so forth. Note that the Indium electron configuration will be Kr 4d10 5s2 5p1. Introduction to Writing Electron Configurations: https://youtu.be/J-v9_ieCqJI Electron Configurations Chart: https://youtu.be/TjVrcw2sZLs Writing Electron Configs Using only the Periodic Table: https://youtu.be/ououF9nHUhk Order of d and s Orbital Filling: https://eic.rsc.org/Coature/the-trouble-with-the-aufbau-principle/2000133.articleNote that when writing the electron configuration for an atom like In, the d orbital is usually written before the s. Both of the configurations have the correct numbers of electrons in each orbital, it is just a matter of how the electronic configuration notation is written (see below for an explanation why). Indium is the 49th element of the periodic table so its atomic number is 49. 1. A valence electron is an outer shell electron and may participate in the formation of a chemical bond. Each species has 10 electrons, and the number of nonvalence electrons is 2 (10 total electrons - 8 valence), but the effective nuclear charge varies because each has a different atomic number \(A\). According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p. Most elements have more than one possible oxidation state. Lithium (Li), There are only certain combinations of neutrons and protons, which formsstable nuclei. So, if 1000 crore atoms of hydrogen are arranged side by side, it will be 1 meter long. There are two types of particles in the nucleus. 8":# #"1s"^2"2s"^2"2p"^4"#, #"Fluorine (F), atomic no. It is part of group 13 (boron family). This also suggests that \(\mathrm{Na}^+\) has the smallest radius of these species and that is correct. Hopefully, after reading this article you will know the details about this topic. These elements are reactive, but not as reactive as alkali metals. So the sodium cation has the greatest effective nuclear charge. Electrons are the permanent core particles of an atom. We use the simple assumption that all electrons shield equally and fully the valence electrons (Equation \ref{simple}). A neutral atom has the same number of electrons as protons. The elements in Group 2 form a family called the alkaline-earth metals. You can determine the number of valence electrons in the atoms of the main group elements by the group number of the element. First Ionization Energy of Indium is 5.7864 eV. The influence of both the dopant concentration, The detailed structure of porous Si (PS) layers formed in p-type wafers with resistivities 0.01-25 Omega cm has been investigated using reflectance, transmission, ellipsometry and photoluminescence, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. The mass of a stable indium-113 is about 113u. 5. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium. When more than one electron is present, however, the total energy of the atom or the ion depends not only on attractive electron-nucleus interactions but also on repulsive electron-electron interactions. In this way the 2s electron can "avoid" some of the shielding effect of the inner 1s electron. As we will discuss later on in the chapter, this phenomenon can explain the decrease in atomic radii we see as we go across the periodic table as electrons are held closer to the nucleus due to increase in number of protons and increase in effective nuclear charge. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does erbium have? How many protons, neutrons and electrons does lithium have? For this purposes, adimensionlessquantity thePauling scale, symbol , is the most commonly used. Research in high-energy particle physics in the 20th century revealed that neither the neutron nor the protonis notthe smallest building block of matter. Indium always has 49 protons and usually has 49 electrons, but the Up to date, curated data provided by Mathematica 's ElementData function from Wolfram Research, Inc. Click here to buy a book, photographic periodic table poster, card deck, or 3D print based on the images you see here! The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. They are How many valence electrons does oxygen have? Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). Therefore, thevalence electrons of indiumare three. , Explore Interactive Periodic Table to Understand and Learn Cool Trends, Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines, Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell), Shell structure (Electrons per energy level), As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. b. how many valence electrons are in indium? In compounds, indium most commonly donates the three outermost electrons to become indium (III), Potassium. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Electron configuration An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has no independent existence but is directly involved in chemical reactions as the smallest unit. This effect is called electron shielding. Indium-113 is composed of 49 protons, 64 neutrons, and 49 electrons. Atomic number The number of protons in an atom. We realize that the basics in the materials science can help people to understand many common problems. Now, the electron configuration of indium shows that the last shell of indium has three electrons. He is a founder of Knords Learning and is passionate about helping students through his easily digestible explanations. Compound. When the devices were electrically polarized they showed stable, A new chemical dipping method using nickel chloride (NiCl2) solution is proposed to improve the characteristics of an electron emitter based on porous silicon (PS). In this case, the indium ion carries a positive charge. The rest of the electrons will thus be core electrons. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). For example, a 1s electron (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\); purple curve) has greater electron density near the nucleus than a 2p electron (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\); red curve) and has a greater penetration. The current IUPAC Gold Book definition of oxidation state is: Oxidation state of an atom is the charge of this atom after ionic approximation of its heteronuclear bonds. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Indium is 49. d. Calcium has total electrons and valence electrons. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. Aufbau principle: The Aufbau principle simply states that the orbitals with the lower energy are filled first and then the orbitals with higher energy levels are filled. Therefore, an indium atom contains forty-nine protons. WebStep 1: Condensed electronic configuration. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. Knowledge of theelectron configurationof different atoms is useful in understanding the structure of the periodic table of elements. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Hence the electrons will cancel a portion of the positive charge of the nucleus and thereby decrease the attractive interaction between it and the electron farther away. We have also distinguish between the possible and common oxidation states of every element. Therefore, the valence electrons of indium are three. Zeff and Electron Shielding: Zeff and Electron Shielding(opens in new window) [youtu.be]. The remaining isotopes of indium are highly unstable and their half-lives are very short. In a multi-electron system, electron penetration is defined by an electron's relative electron density (probability density) near the nucleus of an atom (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). That fact that these approximations are poor is suggested by the experimental \(Z_{eff}\) value shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) for \(\ce{Mg}\) of 3.2+. The smallest of the permanent core particles of an atom is the electron. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons and electrons in that element. In the case of period 2, there are two core electrons in the #"1s"# subshell. Compound semiconductors such as gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride, silicon carbide, and silicon germanium are also commonly used. Many other rare types of decay, such as spontaneous fission or neutron emission are known. According to the Aufbau principle, the electrons will be filled first in 1s orbital, then in 2s orbital, then in 2p orbital, and so on, So from the Aufbau principle, we can get the electron configuration of the indium atom as. These elements include Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb) and Bismuth (Bi). Indium was first isolated by T. Richter in 1867. Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, theatomic numberidentifies the various chemical elements. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The core electrons are in the inner shells and do not participate in chemical reactions. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. How to determine the number of neutrons through isotopes of indium? Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z 1) negative electrons in the atom. 78564 views WebIn (Indium) is an element with position number 49 in the periodic table. What are the properties of protons neutrons and electrons? Oxidation states are typically represented by integers which may be positive, zero, or negative. Because of the effects of shielding and the different radial distributions of orbitals with the same value of n but different values of l, the different subshells are not degenerate in a multielectron atom. For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma). This related to the shielding constants since the 1s electrons are closer to the nucleus than a 2p electron, hence the 1s screens a 2p electron almost perfectly (\(S=1\). A simple approximation is that all other non-valence electrons shield equally and fully: This crude approximation is demonstrated in Example \(\PageIndex{1}\). Therefore, an indium atom contains forty-nine electrons in its orbit. Scientist Henry Gwynn Jefferies Mosle examined the X-ray spectrum of various elements from 1913-to 1914. Neutron = 115 49 = 66. [Xe] 6s2 for barium). \(Z_{eff}\) can be calculated by subtracting the magnitude of shielding from the total nuclear charge and the effective nuclear charge of an atom is given by the equation: where \(Z\) is the atomic number (number of protons in nucleus) and \(S\) is the shielding constant and is approximated by number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question (the number of nonvalence electrons). How many protons, neutrons and electrons does einsteinium have? Mass numbers of typical isotopes ofIndiumare113. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'knordslearning_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_8',139,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-knordslearning_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');Now lets try to find the electron configuration of Indium by using the Aufbau principle. The concepts of electron shielding, orbital penetration and effective nuclear charge were introduced above, but we did so in a qualitative manner (e.g., Equations \ref{better1} and \ref{better2}). That is, neutron number (n) = atomic mass number (A) atomic number (Z). The total number ofneutronsin the nucleus of an atom is called theneutronnumberof the atom and is given thesymbol N. Neutronnumber plusatomic numberequals atomic mass number:N+Z=A. Hence, the proton is expressed by H+. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. What Are The Largest Sources Of Error In This Experiment. (Note: Group 13 is also called group 3A). The shielding constant can be estimated by totaling the screening by all nonvalence electrons (\(n\)) except the one in question. ), Tin Valence Electrons (And How to Find them? Now in this electron configuration of indium, we have to see the total number of electrons present in the highest energy level. Where are the electrons, protons and neutrons located in an atom? The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The next longest-lived indium isotope isindium-111 with a half-life of 2.8days. Because the 5s5p valence electrons are uniformly distributed in indium, the electronic excitation of valence electrons via Coulomb scattering is independent of the impact parameter in the investigated velocity range. From Equations \ref{4} and \ref{2.6.0}, \(Z_{eff}\) for a specific electron can be estimated is the shielding constants for that electron of all other electrons in species is known. Required fields are marked *. The elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their atomic number. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The ionic properties of the elements depend on the exchange of electrons. Read key information and facts about element Indium. Metallic elements generally have high electrical conductivity when in the solid state. In each row of the periodic table, the metals occur to the left of the nonmetals, and thus a metal has fewer possible valence electrons than a nonmetal. The degree to which orbitals with different values of l and the same value of n overlap or penetrate filled inner shells results in slightly different energies for different subshells in the same principal shell in most atoms. Consequently, we must use approximate methods to deal with the effect of electron-electron repulsions on orbital energies. So, it is possible to determine the properties of indium from the electron configuration. This number is equal to the serial number of the periodic table. Indium has 49 electrons, with an electronic design of [kr]4d105s25p1. The only exception ishydrogen, which has only protons in its nucleus but no neutrons. To know these properties of indium one must know the number of electrons and protons of indium. Jay is an educator and has helped more than 100,000 students in their studies by providing simple and easy explanations on different science-related topics. Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49. Data from E. Clementi and D. L. Raimondi; The Journal of Chemical Physics 38, 2686 (1963). In other words, penetration depends on the shell (\(n\)) and subshell (\(l\)). WebThe element Indium was discovered by F. Reich and T. Richter in year 1863 in Germany. Indium is a Post Transition Metal element. The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c). It is expressed by e. There are 118 elements in the periodic table and the 49th of these elements is indium. (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) electrochemicalimpedance spectroscopy (EIS). Now lets see another method for finding the number of valence electrons in indium. Thechemical properties of the atomare determined by the number of protons, in fact, by number andarrangement of electrons. Now there are many methods to write the electron configurations, but here I will show you the easiest method, i.e by using Aufbau principle. Indium has 49 electrons, with an electronic configuration of [Kr]4d105s25p1. Neutrons and protons, commonly callednucleons, are bound together in the atomic nucleus, where they account for 99.9 percent of the atoms mass. Since indium is in group 13, it has 3 valence electrons. Remember that the simple approximations in Equations \ref{2.6.0} and \ref{simple} suggest that valence electrons do not shield other valence electrons. Electronic configuration of the Indium atomic radius is 156 pm, while it's covalent radius is 144 pm. Which Family Has Elements With 2 Valence Electrons? If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Some examples are (Sb), arsenic (As), astatine (At), boron (B), polonium (Po), tellurium (Te), silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge). We realize that the basics in the materials science can help people to understand many common problems. An unbiased particle of indium will have three valence shell electrons. What valence electrons are located in 4s24p3? The actual mass of the electron is 9.1085 1028g or 9.1093 1031kg. Indium is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earths crust. Your email address will not be published. Manage Settings The electron affinity of Indium is 28.9 kJ/mol. The elements of group 15 (column) VA of the periodic table all have electron configurations of s2p3 , giving them five valence electrons. In chemistry andatomic physics, theelectron affinityof an atom or molecule is defined as: the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion. Indium tin oxide is one of the most widely used transparent conducting oxides because of its electrical conductivity and optical transparency, as well as the ease with which it can be deposited as a thin film. That is, the mass of a proton is approximately 1837 times greater than the mass of an electron. Therefore, the number of negatively charged electrons orbiting in its orbit is equal to the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus. If, on the other hand, an electron is very close to the nucleus, then at any given moment most of the other electrons are farther from the nucleus and do not shield the nuclear charge. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. X + e X+ energy Affinity = H. WebNow, the electron configuration of indium shows that the last shell of indium has three electrons. Theconfiguration of these electronsfollows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to1,602 x 10-19coulombs. What is the effective attraction \(Z_{eff}\) experienced by the valence electrons in the magnesium anion, the neutral magnesium atom, and magnesium cation? 7":# #"1s"^2"2s"^2"2p"^3"#, #"Oxygen (O), atomic no. Therefore, the valence electrons of indium are three. Therefore, an indium atom has sixty-six neutrons. There are 27 valance electrons. WebIndium has 49 electrons, with an electronic configuration of [Kr]4d105s25p1. It resides in the center or nucleus of the atom. where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and eis the removed electron. The indium atom has a total of 49 electrons because its atomic number is 49 and it is a neutral atom. The valence electrons participate in chemical reactions. The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital. For the transition metals, determining valence electrons is tricky because they can use inner electrons as valence electrons. WebElements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Now we have to fill these 49 electrons in the atomic orbitals according to the Aufbau principle. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. It belongs to group 13 of the periodic table having trivial name triels, icosagens. The primary consumption of indium worldwide is for LCD production. These effects are the underlying basis for the periodic trends in elemental properties that we will explore in this chapter. The total number ofneutronsin the nucleus of an atom is called theneutronnumberof the atom and is given thesymbol N. Neutronnumber plusatomic numberequals atomic mass number:N+Z=A. Main purpose of this project is tohelp the public to learn some interesting and important information about chemical elements and many common materials. The table below shows the abundance of Indium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. The difference between the mass number of the indium atom and the number of protons is sixty-six. Electrons, protons, and neutrons are located in the atom as permanent particles. When an atom carries a negative or positive charge by accepting or rejecting electrons, it is called an ion. One is the nucleus and the other is the orbit. Indium has 3 valence electrons because there are 3 electrons present in the outermost shell of the Indium (In) atom. Required fields are marked *. WebValence electrons are the electrons orbiting an atom in its farthest shell from the nucleus. The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Indium atom is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1. However, the actual mass of the proton is 1.6726 1027kg. In the universe, neutrons are abundant, making upmore than halfof all visible matter. Electronegativity, symbol , is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. The neutron is a charge-neutral particle and it is expressed by n. The charge of a neutron is zero and the relative charge is also zero. The rest of the electrons are the core electrons. Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49. Once obtained, this structure was optically and electrically characterized. Each Penetration describes the proximity of electrons in an orbital to the nucleus. Oxygen has total electrons and valence electrons. Chemical Properties of Indium. As its electron arrangement shows, be has 2 valence electrons situated during the 2s subshell. In compounds, indium most commonly donates the three outermost electrons to become indium(III), In3+. Isotopes of Indium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 113In. The first two columns on the left side of the periodic table are where thessubshells are being occupied. The PL appearance is attributed to electronic confinement in columnar-like, One of the most commonly used hypothesis to explain the light emission in the visible range from porous silicon is the confinement of charge carriers in the quantum sized crystallites which are, Stable white light electroluminescence from a light-emitting diode fabricated from porous silicon with a transparent indium zinc oxide (IZO) top contact layer is presented. c. Arsenic (As) has total electrons and valence electrons. In compounds, indium most normally gives the three furthest electrons to become indium(iii), in3+. Indium has 3 valence electrons because there are 3 electrons present in the outermost shell of the Indium (In) atom. High-resolution. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called theatomic numberof the atom and is given thesymbol Z. He named the atoms with different masses of the same element as isotopes of that element. The ordering of the electrons in the ground state of multielectron atoms, starts with the lowest energy state (ground state) and moves progressively from there up the energy scale until each of the atoms electrons has been assigned a unique set of quantum numbers. A protonis one of thesubatomic particlesthat make up matter. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Ok but how many valence electrons does an atom of What Can A Drop Of Liquid Mercury Be Described As? The ability of valence electrons to shield other valence electrons or in partial amounts (e.g., \(S_i \neq 1\)) is in violation of Equations \ref{2.6.0} and \ref{simple}. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Also, the valency,valence electrons, and ionic properties of the elements are determined by the electron configuration. The metal is very soft, malleable and easily fusible, with a melting point higher than sodium, but lower than lithium or tin. How to easily find the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in an indium atom? For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. In an atomic ion only the number of electrons changes but the number of protons and neutrons do not change. Ionization energy, also calledionization potential, is the energy necessary toremove an electronfrom the neutral atom. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties ofIndium, Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Indium. Since indium is in group 13, it has 3 valence electrons. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct. ), Periodic table labeled (14 different labeled images), Periodic table with electronegativity values, Protons neutrons and electrons of all elements. WebElectroluminescent devices (ELD) based on junctions of indium doped zinc oxide (ZnO:In) and porous silicon layers (PSL) are presented in this work. The charge of electrons is 1.609 1019coulombs and the relative charge is 1. The number of electrons in each elements electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. Electron Configuration and Oxidation States of Indium. a. Indium (In) has 1 total electrons and valence electrons. Electroluminescent devices (ELD) based on junctions of indium doped zinc oxide (ZnO:In) and porous silicon layers (PSL) are presented in this work. Crystal structure: tetragonal. Feel free to ask a question, leave feedback or take a look at one of our articles. The number of protons in an isotope atom does not change but the number of neutrons does. The number of neutrons depends on the isotope of the element. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies. It is anintensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume: Electron affinity ofIndiumis28.9 kJ/mol. The charge \(Z\) of the nucleus of a fluorine atom is 9, but the valence electrons are screened appreciably by the core electrons (four electrons from the 1s and 2s orbitals) and partially by the 7 electrons in the 2p orbitals.

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