festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. This is an example of_______ cause. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. Christopher D. Green $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. >> In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? endobj Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. How Much They Learned From the Experiment. To achieve consonance, something has to give. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. 0 dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. 50 0 obj Forced compliance theory - Wikipedia Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? 60 0 obj Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? 2. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Discourage questions and alternate solutions. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. KING, B.T. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Some have already been discussed. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. Take it with you wherever you go. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. Social Psychology 309 Multiple Choice for Final Exam - Quizlet OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). (Goleman, 1991) They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. Vince's behavior is an example of. The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. correct. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Therefore the person's attitude changes. & JANIS, I.L. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. 0000011828 00000 n 0000001035 00000 n After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. Yet no one calls the police. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. 0000013918 00000 n Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. /Text This is. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. /ImageI You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. JANIS, I.L. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". 0000000974 00000 n When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. Rating scale 0 to 10. Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. 2018 12 5 1544039025 | Free Essay Examples | EssaySauce.com This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. (p.47) Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". Classics in the History of Psychology -- Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. Don't see what you need? xref The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). /Type/Page In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. Some have already been discussed. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. /O 49 Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. Instead the opposite happened. A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. A Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance Theory By Leon Festinger The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! << endobj The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. Create your own unique website with customizable templates.