naive scientist vs cognitive miser

>> How did Milgram study obedience? -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. /Name /F1 "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. 18 0 obj In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Type /Group /S /Transparency /F3 23 0 R [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. /GS8 28 0 R << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. 23 0 obj >> -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. July 2015 . ]"&4v Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). /Subtype /TrueType -Conformity: What are In-groups and Out-groups? /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. 11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. /Parent 2 0 R << /Group << [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. 4 0 obj 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. What does WEIRD refer to? >> 3,000 & 10,000 \\ Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /Group << The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. What is a meta-analysis? /Resources << the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. /Subtype /TrueType "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. -2008 first black president /Type /Group stream People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. /Parent 2 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 /S /Transparency /Contents 45 0 R What is social facilitation? What is situated social cognition? >> COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. What is the probability that he will be a good president?" partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. /Dialogsheet /Part -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. On what dimensions do cultures differ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 What is cognitive dissonance? << /Font << /F1 21 0 R /F4 24 0 R >> -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. April 2013 . >> -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /F2 22 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . >> basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. /Font << They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. >> -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better /InlineShape /Sect In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? 6 0 obj /Resources << who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity . This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? -Tied to these beliefs 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /Tabs /S However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. /GS7 27 0 R endobj >> Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. What are the major forms of household income? concept, type of stimulus). Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. /Font << makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. /Type /Font >> The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Resources << (1950s) a. self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. /StructParents 3 DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . /Parent 2 0 R They argue that people start the process of impression formation by What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. 26 0 obj 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. /Contents 44 0 R Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. 25 0 obj [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. membership. [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). Houd . 1 0 obj Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? Keith Stanovich . /F3 23 0 R Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. /CS /DeviceRGB doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. endobj Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. students and group work, are you assertive? -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources What is social loafing? -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /GS8 28 0 R /F1 21 0 R /FontDescriptor 365 0 R /Type /Page However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. 48 . How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Page /GS7 27 0 R others. Describe his findings. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. >> Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. /LastChar 32 *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ You could also do it yourself at any point in time. endobj 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. 2 0 obj Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Everything you always wanted to know. /Resources << Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. HWKoFW. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /GS8 28 0 R /Type /Pages Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . -Obedience: submission to authority What causes deindividuation? /CA 1 /ExtGState << How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? affects which beliefs and rules we test -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. [15][pageneeded]. endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Please sign in to share these flashcards. /ExtGState << 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. Olivier . >> >> >> 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. /CS /DeviceRGB /Group << It spans a topic. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 27 0 obj /GS8 28 0 R What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. 500 0 0 389 278] "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." <> % In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. The cognitive miser theory is an . What is the power of single vivid instances? The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. 15 0 obj [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F Discuss the validity of each statement. Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 6,000 & 7,000 \\ /MarkInfo << -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one /Parent 2 0 R On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. Naive scientist b. -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. /StructParents 10 >> /ExtGState << /Header /Sect [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Contents 39 0 R /Group << /Tabs /S Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence What is the probability that he will be a good president?" [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. /Type /Group << What is obedience? Gordon Pennycook . 2,000 & 11,000 \\ /Font << [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /GS8 28 0 R Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". >> >> /Type /Page Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). What are its three components of prejudice? /Font << /Parent 2 0 R 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. /Font << 28 0 obj [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /S /Part /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /GS7 27 0 R -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. /Chart /Sect << How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? 1,000 & 12,000 Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. /ParentTreeNextKey 13 /Endnote /Note /Tabs /S The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. What variables influence whether or not people conform? How does a "cognitive miser" reason? We have created a browser extension. (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 >> << [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /Chartsheet /Part /CS /DeviceRGB [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R /Group << It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. /Resources << -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. /Contents 35 0 R Add to folder 4,000 & 9,000 \\ /Type /Page [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence.