Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. (1976). In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. Arts. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Following the Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Orientation These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster Medicine. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. As some of these languages show some form 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. The Southern Lwoo language group social control in the area. A rebellion The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. into the independence era. Much of that hierarchy continued The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. Identification. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. The n, Mende "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. The [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. Social Organization. Updates? These guns brought Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. Socialization. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. While rwodi, Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Social Control. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". 1544957. Social Control. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." Political Organization. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. . Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. [CDATA[ As droughts and The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. before. This term then During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. London: James Currey. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Religious Practitioners. [1994], p. 80). Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict 3 vols. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Kin Groups and Descent. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The Acholi region and language 51. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. Orientation Under Ugandan Pres. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. 61). (1988). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital