The SE Trades are forced to rise by the mountain, cool and condense and rain occurs on the South Eastern slopes or the windward slopes of the mountain. The significance of food, water and energy, An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources, Carbon footprints, food miles and moves towards local sourcing of food. Before the floods, more than 2.3 million people were expected to be severely food insecure during the lean season (October 2019 March 2020), with at least 430,000 of them in Emergency (IPC 4). Types of Rainfall. Convenctional Rainfall - This type of rain is very common in areas where the ground is heated by the sun. How has the vegetation in the temperate deciduous forest adapted to the climate? What is the structure of the tropical rainforest? The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated. The average number of hot days1 and hot nights per year in Zambia have increased while the Zambia is expected to experience heavy rains in the coming days, with potential for flash floods in Mufumbwe, Kasempa, Kabwe, Lusaka, Siavonga, Gwembe and Chipata districts. Dambos also release groundwater to streams and rivers towards the end of the dry season, keeping them flowing permanently. Most of South Africa is a summer rainfall area, November to March, while the Western Cape Province receives most of its rain during winter, May to August. This chain is exploited by birds in their migration and in former times, animals also migrated along the chain. She writes for national newspapers, magazines, Rough Guides and Lonely Planet. Flooding in some parts of Lusaka. Stage 1. The convective storm started when hail 5 to 10 cms diameter hit a number of rural counties. the total land area estimated at 64 million hectares most of which is administered traditional under customary law.The total area of indigenous forest in Zambia is 44.6 million hectares and covers 60 percent of the total land area, out of which 9.6 percent are gazetted forests. Compared to many other Southern African countries, Zambia has relatively abundant land and water. [citation needed], For the human population, the location of rural settlements is determined by access to water in the dry season (though boreholes are now commonly used to augment supplies). The main patches are in: Most of Zambia (around 80%) is in this extensive biome. Safaris. Corresponding variations are present in the recharge to a dolomite aquifer. This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 04:55. Copy. Thus they produce a Rain shadow area. Prevailing winds are not usually very strong and a lack of a great deal of dry fuel on the ground (since most areas are burnt annually it does not build up) means that the fires are not as devastating as in countries such as Australia and the south-western USA. The dry season lasts 68 months, divided into the cool dry season or winter from April or May to August, followed by the hot dry season, September to November. A map of areas threatened by a wildfire, for instance, would have a date, and perhaps even a time, to track the progress of the wildfire. It rains mostly on the windward slopes. The torrential rainfall and flooding could aggravate the already fragile food insecurity situation in Zambia. Prior to the current 2005/06 season, the ZMD predicted normal to above normal rainfall for most parts of Zambia. On the flat central African plateau the woodland is interspersed with dambos, grassy wetlands forming the headwaters and margins of rivers which may make up to 30% of the ecoregion and which increase biodiversity of the ecoregion. How can the impacts of climate change be managed? moves southward with the apparent movement of the sun in the southern summer and brings rain to the greater part of Zambia. The dry season is subdivided into the cool dry season (May to August), and the hot dry season (September to October/November). Small earth dams are often constructed in dambos as a source of water and as fishponds. In the north, rain only falls from June to September in the range of 500 mm to 750 mm. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Quick NetOne, Telecel, Africom, And Econet Airtime Recharge, Advantages and Disadvantages of wood as a source of energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity, Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear power as a source of energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural gas as a source of energy. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY The Rift Valley System (Fig 2.3 page 28) There are three main types of rainfall, convectional rainfall, relief rainfall and frontal rainfall. Much of the ecoregion in Southern Province (sometimes referred to as the Southern Plateau) and the south-east of Eastern Province (sometimes referred to as the Eastern Plateau) has been cleared for farming and ranching. December, January, February & March - The wettest months, with heavy downpours in the afternoon. What is the structure of the Temperate Deciduous Woodland? On the lee side of the similar mountain range, rainfall usually becomes low, and the area is in a rain shadow. - Temperature: the mean temperature is predicted to increase in Zambia with a greater frequency of 'Hot' days1 and nights and very few 'Cold'2 days or nights - Rainfall: changes in rainfall are less certain, but rainfall is expected to increase in the rainy season and the winter is expect to be even drier. The distinction between rainy and dry seasons is marked with no rain at all falling in June, July and August. Safaris, Zimbabwe this type of rainfall occurs due to thermal convention due to heating of the ground surface. Tours, Mozambique Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the . As a country with very distinct rainy and dry seasons, with a high rainfall in the former, and having a fairly flat topography, Zambian rivers and low-lying areas are prone to flooding, and there are extensive permanent swamps. Except for those living in areas of permanent freshwater, animals are adapted to the long dry season, as seen in migration and breeding patterns. necta csee chemistry past papers slope and dry conditions on the downwind slope. Please select which cookies you would like to keep switched on. Lusaka - Average precipitation. Such communities are said to be edaphic, and are found on grey dambo soils, black floodplain soils and Kalahari sands. Climate and specifically rainfall amount is the chief determinant of type and distribution of the ecoregions of Zambia. In higher rainfall areas of Zambia the proportion and size of trees are at the higher extreme for this biome, with a canopy covering up to 40% of the ground and trees often exceeding 10 m in height. and 1,000 B.C. The deciduous trees usually produce fresh green or reddish leaves just before the rainy season. The air will expand and rise and then cool and How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? For example, with both mountains and valleys in the area, the local relief of Yosemite National Park is impressive. It is widespread on the west coast of the United Kingdom due to the prevailing weather coming from that direction. What challenges are associated with the growth of Rio? Where are polar and tundra environments located? Flooding in some parts of Lusaka. What factors affect population density and distribution? National Geographic/World Wildlife Fund: "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World. Relief. Indeed, the government buys maize from the farmers through the Food Reserve Agency (FRA) for two purposes: for resale to millers in case of a shortage and for relief in hunger stricken areas. What is the impact of humans on the Taiga? According to the Zambia Meteorological Development agency, annual rainfall has dropped from an average 1,200 mm to below 600 mm in most areas over the last two years. The rains are brought by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and are characterised by thunderstorms, occasionally severe, with much lightning and sometimes hail. Zambia is in the Zambezian region of the Afrotropical biogeographic realm (or ecozone). -. What is migration and why do people migrate? Humanitarian organizations were already providing life-saving assistance due to drought in some of the areas affected by the floods, especially in southern and western Zambia. What are the effects of deforestation in the Amazon? types of rainfall in zambia - medvetnaval.org 1.1 Zambia and REDD+ readiness 1 1.2 Activities under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate . Thirsty animals crowd around the waterholes and rivers to drink. Species susceptible to trypanosomiasis are not found in such valleys. At higher altitudes it can get a bit cooler. Rainfall is the amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage. Quite dense evergreen forest of medium height on sandy soils with little to no surface water, in several patches which make up the largest evergreen forest in Africa outside of the equatorial zone. Warm air is pushed up and over the terrain Evaporation and rainfall. A historical map of the ancient Sumerian Empire would have a date range of between 5,000 B.C. Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, Effects of earthquakes and volcanoes on people and the environment, Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes, Population and settlement iGCSE Geography, The main causes of a change in population size, A country with a rate of high population growth China, A country which is over-populated Bangladesh, A country which is under-populated Australia, A country with a low rate of population growth or decline Japan. This is restricted to the highest exposed hills, or more widely in the lower humidity areas of the southernmost parts of the country. Development, population change and the demographic transition model, Strategies for reducing the development gap, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? However, these regular droughts have become more extreme and more unpredictable due to climate change.In fact studies based on dendrochronology, or tree rings dating, confirm that drought affected by global warming goes back to 1900.. Rainfall. Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Safaris, Madagascar Seasons. necta biology Evaporation and rainfall has been calculated for each month using data for the past 25 years (1990 to 2014) from Scientific Information for Land Owners SILO weather data service. The dominant genus, Cryptosepalum, is a tree in the legume family. 1.2 Zambia A warmer climate with more rainfall means more vegetative cover and more animal action. Zambia has a predominantly humid subtropical climate with small patches of semi-arid steppe in the southwest of the country. Q Explain why Sialkot has over 250 mm of rain in July and August? Extreme weather in the UK Beast from the East, Extreme Weather in the UK Summer Heatwave 2018. [citation needed], For the human population, the location of rural settlements is determined by access to water in the dry season (though boreholes are now commonly used to augment supplies). Hydrol., 59: 173--187. The vegetation is adapted to it, particularly the grasses, and at that time of the year deciduous trees have lost most of their leaves and so usually do not suffer extensive damage. The result has This saturated cloud with water vapor begins to The views are spectacular from both the Zambian and Zimbabwean sides of the falls, and it is now a great time to book a helicopter flight over the falls. In winter, there is much less rainfall in Ndola than in summer. Entertainment Editor. history of South Africa There are reports that more than 2 million people may be affected by the damage to agriculture. Populations living within the 5 km buffer from the main river systems and wetlands lose their dwellings either due to high levels of river water or structures collapsing due to excess rainfall. Highland areas to the west receive the most annual rainfall compared to the low-lying areas in the east. Except for those living in areas of permanent freshwater, animals are adapted to the long dry season, as seen in migration and breeding patterns. The country does not suffer tornadoes or cyclones of widespread destructive force. How reliable are economic indicators of development? The downwind or leeward slope receives a small amount of rainfall in comparison. Relief rainfall occurs very frequently near mountains beside the sea. Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the . The annual rainfall is more than 700 mm (28 in) in the Southern parts, while is more than 1,100 mm (43 in) in the northern parts. Traditionally some communities have divided the year into farming in the rainy season, and fishing and hunting in the dry season, when herbivores can be found more easily as they visit sources of water, and fires can be set to expose them or drive them into traps. Flooding in some parts of Lusaka. The broad types of soil found in Zambia are: In areas where soils are waterlogged for all or part of the year, or are very infertile, sandy or acidic, they take over from climate as the predominant factor in determining the distribution of plants and animals. It makes cumulonimbus clouds. Convectional rainfall occur for very short duration but occur in form of heavy showers. Three climate regions are recognized based on rainfall dynamics and vegetation: Region 1: Tropical savannas covering the country's major valleys, including the driest areas of Zambia, with annual rainfall below 600 mm. Sustainable development in the desert The Great Green Wall. Bush fires range across most of the country in the later dry season, escaping from "chitemene cultivation" and caused by villagers burning off crop residue or hunting, as well as by lightning strikes. How are Nigerias trading and political relationships changing? On the later part of the 20th century, runoff in the country decreased by 20 to 30% (MMET, 1998). If this process continues then rain will fall. Prevailing winds in the dry season are generally moderate, but occasionally more severe and may bring cool dust-laden air from distant arid regions. Succulent plants are also widespread, especially in rocky areas. Zambia, a country located in southern Africa, is almost entirely covered by a plateau, which tempers the climate, making the temperature generally acceptable for most of the year. OCHA coordinates the global emergency response to save lives and protect people in humanitarian crises. Copy. The process starts when the sun heats the ground. What are Mumbais social and economic opportunities? Precipitation is measured using a rain gauge, and more recently remote sensing techniques such as a weather radar. Gwembe and Siavonga districts in the south are amongst the hardest-hit by the recent rains, while Mambwe and Lumezi districts in the east, as well as the countrys capital, Lusaka, faced flash floods earlier in January. Tunisia Case Study. How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate? Crops are frequently damaged by flooding and hail. Frontal Rainfall. The highest rainfall is in the north (about 1200 . Rough estimates of the percentage of the country covered as given below are for the original or natural state of the area before urbanisation and agriculture has modified it. Zambias GDP growth rate by 0.4 percentage points per year, which costs the country US$4.3 billion over a 10-year period. How have plants adapted to cold environments? Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." What challenges have been caused by urban growth in Mumbai? Farmers in the east and south of In January the ITCZ is in its southernmost Historically, Zambia has been prone to extreme rainfall events resulting in widespread flooding. agricultural business In the north, rainfall is 1 250mm / 50in or more a year . Open a list of all cookies, Below you can decide which type of cookies you would like to keep switched on. Rainfall and recharge to a dolomite aquifer in a semi-arid climate at Kabwe, Zambia. 2, though only 34 . It lies on plateau above 2000 m elevation, with grassland and shrubland dominating. How is a cold environment interdependent? The . Changing rates of rainforest deforestation. They are found: This endangered ecoregion is found in only one small area (less than 1%) of northern Zambia, named after Sumbu, and it found is in only location anywhere else, an equally small area of central Tanzania (Itigi). The north-south highland barrier is interrupted by a major gap, the Turkana gap, between the Ethiopian and the Kenya Highlands (Figure 1). Since the beginning of January, following the first floods in Mambwe and Lumezi, the DMMU has been distributing food, tents and water treatment chemicals for the affected population. The situation could deteriorate in the days ahead, with Zambia expected to experience heavy rains, according to the countrys Meteorological Department, with the potential for flash floods in Mufumbwe, Kasempa, Kabwe, Lusaka, Siavonga, Gwembe and Chipata districts. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. This indicates that groundwater in Zambia usually has very low concentrations of dissolved constituents (total dissolved solids concentrations are typically less than 200 mg/l). When the land warms up, it heats the air above it. Heavily Indebted Poor C ountry (HIPC), Zambia has recently qualified for debt relief under the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). Easily compare offers from top rated tour operators. There are two main seasons: the rainy season (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the dry season (May to October/November), corresponding to winter. Zambia is considered to be vulnerable to climate change. Most rivers, lakes and swamps are permanent, except in the hotter, drier south. Population Zambia's population is about 10.9 million (2004), of which 64 percent is rural (Table 1). kcse resources Zambia. Warm wet air is forced to rise over high land. The Dry season in Zambia is a lovely time to visit its divided into a cooler period (May to August) and a hotter one (September and October). The biomes and ecoregions in the ecology of Zambia are described, listed and mapped here, following the World Wildlife Fund's classification scheme for terrestrial ecoregions, and the WWF freshwater ecoregion classification for rivers, lakes and wetlands. k) Highland areas along the equator experience modifi ed equatorial climate. This symmetry is, however, imperfect because of Relief rainfall occurs when air has been blown over the sea and is then forced up over an area of high land. Quetta does not get rain from the summer monsoon winds. The 8 sites listed below form a broad chain running from south-west to north-east. Southern areas of Madagascar are facing a very poor early stage of the season, with potential impacts persisting from the significant drought of the previous growing season of 2019-2020. Zambia. But Bangalore is in rain . Otherwise temperature by itself is not a great determinant of plant and animal distribution. Climate information for Zambia including average temperature, rain and snowfall totals. It is situated on a high plateau and takes its name from the Zambezi River, which drains all but a small northern part of the country. This refers to the landscape position and the slopes it has. To access more Ordinary level Geography topics go to Geography Notes Home. Traditionally, people have also migrated in the drier areas where rivers dambos are not prevalent. To identify risk factors associated with death from cholera, a case-control mortality study was conducted during January 12-March 26, 2018, with 32 . In Barotseland, people move with their livestock, grazing them on the Barotse Floodplain in the dry season and moving to higher ground at the margins during the rainy season. Peshawar is located at higher altitude than Quetta so moist winds easily reach their. proposed in areas not yet severely affected by land degradation and drought. The ITCZ is located north of Zambia in the dry season. Clouds form and produce rain. agriculture How do weather and climate affect river landscapes? Safaris, DR Congo None of the country is arid. Zambia experiences good rainfall, with extremes of 500 to 1400mm (most areas fall into the range 700 to ) in a distinct rainy season of four to six months centred on January, when the moist intertropical convergence zone is over the country. [citation needed]. necta csee past paper On older flat maps, you may see areas In the Kppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small patches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION Much of the economic, cultural and social life of the country is dominated by the onset and end of the rainy season, and the amount of rain it brings. It moves southwards in the second half of the year, and northwards in the first half of the year. "In the last part of the season, January, February and March, 2021, most parts of Zambia will have a high chance of receiving normal to above normal rainfall. SafariBookings is the largest online marketplace for African safari tours. As the air descends, it warms, meaning it can carry water moisture, so there is little rain on this side of the mountain. CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION IN THE TENNESSEE VALLEY REGION, Reasons why countries trade with one another, FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL TYPE AND AMOUNT, IMPACT OF LIGHTING AND MEASURES TO COMBAT IT, UGANDA ADVANCED CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION GEOGRAPHY NOTES, UGANDA ADVANCED CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION SENIOR SIX GEOGRAPHY NOTES, Abundant supply of moisture through evaporation to air so that relative, Intense heating of the ground surface through incoming shortwave electromagnetic, There should be a mountain barrier across the wind direction, so that the moist air is forced on obstruction to move upward, There should be sufficient moisture in the air. Relief rainfall occurs very frequently near mountains beside the sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecoregions_of_Zambia&oldid=1108887041, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. red sandveld soils cover most of the country, and are generally not very fertile due to weathering and leaching; the top soil is sandy and is more fertile where the top soil has a higher clay content. Relief rainfall is formed when the air cools as it rises over relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains. Lower average altitudes characterize most of the areas in the North. the air above it. Limestone Case Study Malham, The Yorkshire Dales. The main sites are: This biome covers an area of only about 100km on the northern border with Malawi, being an extension of a much larger area in Malawi and Tanzania, and so is frequently not counted as present in Zambia. Convection makes the air rise and cool. In the rainy season, winds are localised with thunderstorms and may be destructive but usually confined to small areas, such as blowing roofs off buildings. Kalantary, C. (2010). What are the air masses that affect the UK? Therefore, a Climate Change Gender Action Plan was published by the government in 2018. Hibernation through the dry season is practiced by some amphibians and invertebrates. Heavy rainfall has driven flash and riverine flooding in Zambia, including in areas previously impacted by severe drought. Around 10% of the country is in this biome and its sole ecoregion. The flooding has destroyed crops, including maize, especially in Munyumbwe area in Gwembe District, according to the Governments Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU). Zambia Meteorological Department GENERAL SITUATION Generally, much of Zambia is likely to receive Normal to Above Normal rainfall during the 2019/2020 rainfall season. Around 70% of the Zambian thicket has been lost to land clearing and at the present rate the rest will vanish within 20 years. It comprises an almost impenetrable bush consisting of about a hundred plant species woven together so densely that it is virtually impossible to walk through. A case study of a sparsely populated area Himalayan Mountains, A case study of a densely populated area Greater London. The Mfuwe section of South Luangwa can be visited at any time of year. In the UK prevailing winds from the west lead to air rising over upland areas such as the Rocky Mountai. mathematics The climate of the lower-lying South Luangwa and Lower Zambezi National Parks is considerably hotter: temperatures rise by about 6C for every 1,000m you descend (or 3.5F per 1,000ft). Zambia borders Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia in the If the annual flood is disrupted by dams, woody shrubs of lower nutritional value tend to replace grasses and so reduce the number of herbivores and biodiversity. What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT The African plateau is underlain primarily by Precambrian rock that dates back to more than 600 years. ZATP is a "private sector led" initiative to help emerging commercial farmers and Micro-, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) become competitive by improving their access to . Rainfall 800-1000 mm, and the growing season is 100-140 days long. In south India, the Mangalore is located on the western windward slope and gets 2000 mm of rainfall. How does food insecurity affect the environment? Much of the economic, cultural and social life of the country is dominated by the onset and end of the rainy season, and the amount of rain it brings. This is a type of rainfall that occur when warmer air is forced to rise over cold air. Warm air is pushed up and over the terrain and cools at the higher altitude, producing . In some years, it moves south of Zambia, leading to a "little dry season" in the north of the country for three or four weeks in December. What is the impact of humans on the savanna? condense into a cloud and then rains. Some of 58 per cent of Zambia's . Much of population is concentrated in the country's most developed areaknown as the Line of Railwhich is served by the railway linking the Copperbelt with . Climate and specifically rainfall amount is the . csee review questions management effectiveness of the national protected areas system. Annual maize production in Zambia was on average 1.1 Mt in the period 2000 to 2010, and average yields of about 1.5 t/ha that have not significantly changed over the past 20 years. Second, the near bisection of the continent by the Equator results in a largely symmetrical arrangement of climatic zones on either side. The yield gap between actual yields and . Three types of rainfall are: Convectional rainfall, this type of rainfall occurs due to thermal convention due to heating of the ground surface. What are shanty town improvement schemes? [15] This means that the occurrence of extreme climate events such as droughts and floods would become more frequent. [3][citation needed]. excessive high rainfall has acidic soils due to leaching, limiting crop production.