McNamara's intentional distortion of events prevented Congress from providing the civilian oversight of military matters so fundamental to the congressional charter. Although the raid was successful (the oil depot was completely destroyed and 33 of 35 vessels were hit), two American aircraft were shot down; one pilot was killed and the second captured.20, On 7 August, Congress, with near unanimity, approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which President Johnson signed into law three days later. In the ensuing firefight, one of the torpedo boats was badly damaged, but the Maddox escaped harm. According to John Prados of the independent National Security Archive, Hanyok asserted that faulty signals intelligence became "vital evidence of a second attack and [Johnson and McNamara] used this claim to support retaliatory air strikes and to buttress the administration's request for a Congressional resolution that would give the White House freedom of action in Vietnam. On August 2, the North Vietnamese navy retaliated, sending 3 torpedo boats to engage the Maddox. 6. The enemy ship could also have been damaged. Calls between the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the National Military Command Center; headquarters of the Commander in Chief, Pacific; and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara were frequently exchanged during the phantom battle. Requested by Johnson, the resolution authorized the chief executive to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." Maddox. Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, directed by Errol Morris, Sony Pictures, 2003. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, in 1964, was a major turning point in United States military involvement in Vietnam. 1. Three days earlier he had told the President that some of the raids had led to the 2 August attack on the Maddox.U.S. For more on this topic see the following: Grand Delusion: U.S. Strategy and the Tonkin Gulf Incident, The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident. Drea, "Tonkin Gulf Reappraisal," p. 5. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution portrayed U.S. motives as maintaining peace and security in Asia, . As the battle continued, he realized the "attacks" were actually the results of "overeager sonar operators" and poor equipment performance. Led by Commander James B. Stockdale, the four Crusaders strafed one of the boats, claiming it sunk . Next, the best we have as Robert McNamara deemed him, General William Westmoreland was appointed the commander of operations in Vietnam in April of 1964. Did the North Vietnamese actually attack US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin? 2. . Vietnam was 12 hours ahead of Washington time, so the "attacks" in the evening of 4 August in the Gulf of Tonkin were being monitored in Washington late that morning. there was nothing there but black water and American firepower."11. At 2336, President Johnson appeared on national television and announced his intent to retaliate against North Vietnamese targets: "Repeated acts of violence against the armed forces of the United States must be met not only with alert defense, but with positive reply. Historians still disagree over whether Johnson deliberately misled Congress and the American people about the Tonkin Gulf incident or simply capitalized on an opportunity that came his way. 4 What is the Gulf of Tonkin incident and why is it controversial? He sent a flash (highest priority) message to Honolulu, which was received in Washington at 1327 on 4 August, declaring his doubts: "Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. One of the pilots, Navy Commander James Stockdale, commanding officer of VF-51, recalled that they passed over the unscathed Maddox at 1530, minutes after the 22-minute surface engagement had ended. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a brief confrontation between United States and North Vietnamese warships, off the coast of northern Vietnam in August 1964. CINCPACFLT 140203ZJuly64. This assignment requires you to use themes from the readings and debate critically the meaning, scope, and/or practices. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? 4, Summer 2004, p. 75. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 4. 2. Hanyok claimed that "The overwhelming body of reports, if used, would have told the story that no attack occurred. And then, two days later, on August 4, the Johnson administration claimed that it had been attacked again. He arrived overhead at 2135. Hanyok conducted a comprehensive analysis of SIGINT records from the nights of the attacks and concluded that there was indeed an attack on 2 August but the attack on the 4th did not occur, despite claims to the contrary by President Johnson and Secretary McNamara. Codenamed Operations Plan (OPLAN) 34A, the activities were conceived and overseen by the Department of Defense, with the support of the Central Intelligence Agency, and carried out by the South Vietnamese Navy. Until then, the United States supported South Vietnam by every means at its disposal, short of fully engaging its military. Fog of War - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Vietnam War - In the mid-1950s, the U.S. intervened militarily in Vietnam, beginning what has been called a "crisis in slow motion." Americans convinced that the fall of South Vietnam to Communism would eventually result in the "fall" of all of Southeast Asia, believed this war was an effort to prevent North Vietnam from unifying North and . (21) This ensures that they carry out that prime directive of all hangers-to render the clothing wrinkled and unfit for wearing in public. Fill each blank with the word from the list below that best fits the context. Unbelievable, but true. Interpreting this as an act of North Vietnamese aggression, the US government responded by ordering greater military involvement in Vietnam. 16. Details of action following present a confusing picture. Torpedo boats and fuel storage facilities were destroyed. Cover-Up Worse Than Crime: Silence Around Hersh's Bombshell & Ominous Gulf of Tonkin Parallels. In July 1964, Lieutenant General William C. Westmoreland, commander of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, shifted the operation's tactics from commando attacks on land to shore bombardments using mortars, rockets, and recoilless rifles fired from South Vietnamese patrol boats.1, The U.S. Navy, meanwhile, had been conducting occasional reconnaissance and SIGINT-gathering missions farther offshore in the Tonkin Gulf. Foreign Relations of the United States, 19641968, vol. The Maddox fired warning shots, but the torpedo boats continued and opened fire in return. In reality, there was no coordination between the forces conducting the operations. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT, Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem, U.S. troops massacred hundreds of civilians, In the 1968 election, Lyndon Johnson decided. That report had been misinterpreted, however. This group consisted of Army Special Forces, Navy Seals, and CIA operatives, among other covert entities. not to seek his party's nomination as the presidential candidate. On 2nd August, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats travelled towards the Maddox. Some historians do not let the Johnson administration off so easily. It's a very good rule."31. After missions in December 1962 and April of the next year, patrols were scheduled for 1964 in the vicinity of OPLAN 34A raids. This led the North Vietnamese to increase their efforts in the south. But, interestingly, on Sept. 18, a similar incident occurred in the Gulf of Tonkin. Omissions? He admitted that the new SIGINT intercept "pins it down better than anything so far. Subscribe now and never hit a limit. 1 See answer Advertisement mahak08 Resulted from a minor naval conflict c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. Lyndon Johnson on August 5, 1964, assertedly in reaction to two allegedly unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and C. Turner Joy of the U.S. Pat Bauer graduated from Ripon College in 1977 with a double major in Spanish and Theatre. At the same time, two other South Vietnamese commando boats carried out a similar attack against Hon Ngu Island, more than 25 miles to the south.4. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 25. Answers: 3. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. The Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964 proved to be America's key entry point to war in Vietnam. Explanation: President Lyndon Johnson utilized the Gulf of Tonkin occurrence to enlarge the war. No, that's not true. Naval Forces Southern Command in Mayport Florida. D. President Johnson acted before all the facts became known. Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem b. There were a number of key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident: The USS Maddox was sent to support the South Vietnamese mercenaries. From two boats, South Vietnamese commandos fired machine guns and small cannon at the island's radar and military installations. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 108. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. However the human race LOVEs . The resolution was introduced in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, during which two US naval ships were allegedly attacked by North . "17, McNamara considered the report, coupled with Admiral Sharp's belief the attack was authentic, as conclusive proof. The events between July 30 and August 10, 1964, are viewed as the tipping point of American involvement in Vietnam. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. 21. When his wingman's aircraft developed trouble, Stockdale got permission to launch solo from the Ticonderoga. An intercepted SIGINT message, apparently from one of the patrol boats, reported: "Shot down two planes in the battle area. Combined with recently declassified tapes of phone calls from White House officials involved with the events and previously uncovered facts about Tonkin, these documents provide compelling evidence about the subsequent decisions that led to the full commitment of U.S. armed forces to the Vietnam War. 2 What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin quizlet? The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched America's full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. She hired former Confederate soldiers to gather information from What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and why was it important? McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 119; Stockdale, In Love and War, p. 19. 16, No. In his award-winning 2003 video memoirs Fog of War, he remained unapologetic and even bragged of his ability to deceive: "I learned early on never answer the question that is asked of you. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 46. What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution? The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by. The alleged attacks on August 4th against the USS Maddox and USS Joy were the basis for escalating the United States' involvement in Vietnam, but those attacks never occurred. 11. Which of the following resulted from American commitments to free trade? A. The following day, the Maddox found that it was being approached by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats. The process of Vietnamization involved shifting fighting in the Vietnam War from Americans to the Southern Vietnamese. Lawrence, Mark Atwood. Anderson, David L., Editor. It also declared that the maintenance of international peace and security in Southeast Asia was vital to American interests and to world peace. In August 1964, the United States entered the Vietnam War after reports of an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. operating in the coastal waters, inspecting suspicious incoming junks, seeking to deter and prevent the infiltration of both men and material." . Edwin E. Mose, Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. Despite this type of loss throughout the war, the North Vietnamese continued to fight. C. She asked free Black people to pose as enslaved servants in le "tourisme plage" est une ide dpasse (. It covers everything. She recruited other Unionists, including government clerks "22, Almost 90 percent of the SIGINT intercepts that would have provided a conflicting account were kept out of the reports sent to the Pentagon and White House. The opinions expressed within the documents in both releases are those of the authors and individuals interviewed. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT a. Sharp admitted that there was a "slight possibility" because of freak radar echoes, inexperienced sonarmen, and no visual sightings of torpedo wakes. 22. Especially during his tenure as commander, Westmoreland became the face of the United States in Vietnam. On the morning of 4 August, U.S. intelligence intercepted a report indicating that the communists intended to conduct offensive maritime operations in the Gulf of Tonkin. What was the primary political issue that Carter used in his presidential campaign? The Truth About Tonkin. They are part of the South Vietnamese Navy . "28, Johnson himself apparently had his own doubts about what happened in the Gulf on 4 August. In exchange for Lee's surrender, Grant offered The Maddox, on patrol in the area but probably unaware of the raids that had taken place, observed torpedo boats sent out in pursuit of the South Vietnamese vessels and thus withdrew, but it returned on August 1. A. President Johnson acted before all the facts became known, and caused the US to be more involved with Vietnam. Crazy. The North Vietnamese boats attacked with torpedoes and machine gun fire. New York, Columbia University Press, 2011. C. supplies and shoes CTG 72.1 041848ZAUG64. On the night of August 4, both the Maddox and Turner Joy reported they were under attack. OPEC's embargo of oil exports to the United States in retaliation for American intervention in the Middle East. It was the basis for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which committed major American forces to the war in Vietnam. On 6 August, when called before a joint session of the Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services committees to testify about the incident, McNamara eluded the questioning of Senator Wayne Morse (D-OR) when he asked specifically whether the 34A operations may have provoked the North Vietnamese response. Deptartment of State Bulletin, 24 August 1964: 558. of the Biden Administrations decision to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines, why did much of the secret planning and training for the operation take place in Norway? However, the retaliatory attack of 5 August marked the United States' first overt military action against the North Vietnamese and the most serious escalation up to that date. Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen, Which of the following is true about President Johnson and the Vietnam War?. 7. The Maddox was in the Gulf of Tonkin to collect signals intelligence on North Vietnam. Please. See all videos for this article Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, also called Tonkin Gulf Resolution, resolution put before the U.S. Congress by Pres. In the Gulf of Tonkin incident, North Vietnamese torpedo boats supposedly attacked the USS Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin, off Vietnam, in a pair of assaults on August 2 and 4 of 1964. Targets would disappear, and then new targets would appear from the opposite compass direction. Re-engaging, the first PT boat launched a second torpedo and opened fire with her 14.5-mm guns, but Maddox shell fire heavily damaged the vessel.6. Johnson, leaning heavily on the same team of advisors that Kennedy had appointed, did not approve of the troop build-up that many were calling for, but kept the increase of American personnel relatively modest. A few days after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution was passed, he commented, "Hell, those damn, stupid sailors were just shooting at flying fish. Carter's campaign focused less on issues than on his background as a hardworking, honest, Southern Baptist southerner, All of the following led to the economic development of the Sun Belt EXCEPT. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was also called USS Maddox incident. What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? Stockdale and the other pilots, with orders to "attack and destroy the PT boats," made multiple firing runs on the enemy vessels. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam 1. by John Prados. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved? money and clothing We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The Gulf of Tonkin incident irreversibly changed the outcome of the war, which is especially tragic considering one major fact: the incident was a hoax. I, Vietnam 1964 (section 278). However, it is important to put what we do know into context. The Maddox and Turner Joy moved out to sea, but both reported that they were tracking multiple unidentified vessels approaching their positions. In my account of the Biden Administrations decision to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines, why did much of the secret planning and training for the operation take place in Norway?
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