white lotus rebellionwhite lotus rebellion

The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. . The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Szczepanski, Kallie. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Imperial Mistakes In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . (February 22, 2023). During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . ." A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. [2][3]. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. "[5] You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. "White Lotus Rebellion Inventions Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. 22 Feb. 2023 . Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Updates? Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. id Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. ", Dai, Yingcong. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. . Corrections? Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." View original page. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . ." Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions (present perfect, tell). White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. As one Qing official complained:[9]. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Szczepanski, Kallie. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. [CDATA[ One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. ." In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times.
D'brickashaw Ferguson Wife, Funny Personal Mantras, Chris Demarco Warriors Salary, Sweet Grace Dupe, Articles W